Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Chapter 8.2

Chapter 8 Answer Primal

Study Guide

My Notebook

1. Answers will vary, but could include three main ideas from this summary or 1 master thought from each Reading (3).
2. Students volition classify nouns: event, ecoregion, diameter; verb: touch on; adjectives: geological, catastrophic.
3. (a) The ecoregion in the state will vary by school location; (b) A diagram should indicate the outline of the state and the local ecosystem.

Guided Reading

8.1 Earth's Water

1. pct
2. recycled
3. watershed
4. Pollution

8.2 Weathering, Erosion, and Degradation

5. geological
6. sediment.
7. erosion

eight.3 Catastrophic Events and Ecosystems

8. Catastrophic
9. tornado
10. h2o

Let's Review

1. a
2. c

Check Your Understanding

Reading 8.1

1. The Sun provides the free energy to change the state of water from solid and liquid to gas. In one case water vapor enters the atmosphere, convection currents caused by the Sun's energy move the vapor around in the atmosphere. When the water vapor condenses back into a liquid, gravity carries it back to Earth's surface.
2. 1 way is the use of dams. Normally water is carried by streams and rivers into the ocean, but dams alter this link. Evaporation from man-fabricated lakes can modify rainfall patterns in a local area.
3. H2o is constantly evaporated into the atmosphere and and so condensed, falling back to Earth's surface. The h2o I drank today could take been seawater at one point.
4. In gild for evaporation to occur, liquid water must accept enough energy to leave the liquid stage and go a gas called water vapor.
5. Plants open up their pores to have in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
6. a. condensation. Condensation occurs when water vapor turns into liquid water. Once the aerosol are pulled down the mirror by gravity and fall to the lesser of the mirror, they would be similar to the precipitation phase.
7. b
8. An aquifer is below ground and a watershed is in a higher place ground.
9. Because it takes many years for h2o to percolate through World's crust to attain the aquifer.
10. Irrigation and homo consumption
11. Building roads could disrupt the natural flow of water through the watershed.

Reading 8.2

1. Answers are:
1. mechanical
2. chemic
3. chemical
4. physical
2. The expanding of the freezing of water is similar to the expanding roots from a growing plant. Both can split rock.
3. Animals contribute to weathering and erosion when they dig into the soil or burrow underground.
4. When air pollutants mix with rainwater, they can cause it to become acidic. This is called acid pelting. Acrid pelting can speed upwards the process of chemical weathering through chemical reactions with rock.
5. Over time, the roots of grass in a sidewalk can split up the concrete and crusade mechanical weathering.
6. Weather and climate; plants and animals; surface expanse
7. Weathering releases minerals in rocks so they tin can go part of the soil. Plants blot these minerals as nutrients. Animals so absorb the nutrients when they eat plants.
8. An area that has been cleared of vegetation will feel more soil erosion considering the roots of plants help hold the soil in place, preventing erosion.
9. The force of gravity carries eroded sediment to other locations where it is deposited.
10. Equally running water slows downwards, rock particles settle out in order of size and weight from largest to smallest.
11. The factors are the steepness of the slope and the velocity and free energy of the flowing h2o. Fast, high-energy water moves more sediment and bigger particles. Slow-moving water moves less sediment and more finely grained particles.
12. Weathering: a cliff; Erosion: a river valley; Degradation: a delta
13. The Basin and Range ecoregion is a dry desert. The land is includes a wide valley (the basin) and plateaus (high, flat areas). The vegetation includes grasses and shrubs. The Rio Grande River, which goes through the region, deposits sediment. Weathering is mostly due to temperature extremes, including frost wedging. Erosion occurs because of desert winds, and the soil being exposed due to loss of vegetation. The Central Gulf Coastal Prairies and Marshes ecoregion is boiling. The land has lakes, ranches, and bulwark islands. Vegetation includes grasses and trees. This littoral ecoregion experiences salt weathering and biological weathering from ranching and bison, erosion when there is coastal flooding, and deposition of sediments in the backwash of flooding events.

Solve It p. 218

Velocity = altitude divided by fourth dimension; 5 m ÷ x s = 0.5 one thousand/s

Reading 8.3

1. The Sun
2. Convection causes warm air to rise from the ground. This is called an updraft. As the updraft cools and condenses, the cooler air starts to autumn back to Earth. This is chosen a downdraft. The downdraft and updraft cause a storm cell to grade.
3. Lighting is a spark that occurs between a cloud and Earth'south surface, or betwixt two storm clouds. The spark is acquired by a flow of electrons which causes air atoms to emit light equally lightning.
4. Thunder is caused when air expands suddenly. Our ears sense the resulting force per unit area waves equally sound (thunder).
5. Hailstones accept layers of water ice considering they are formed in storm cells with strong updrafts. The hailstones are repeatedly carried upward and fall down again. With each cycle, they gain another layer of ice until they become then heavy the autumn to the basis.
6. (1)ocean water must exist warm; (2)layer of warm ocean water must be deep enough and then that libation water does non go stirred upwardly to the surface; (three)Air must be warm and moist to a indicate high above sea level.
7. Tornadoes have much higher windspeeds, but they are much smaller in size.
8. The wind speeds in a category 1 are 119-153 km/h and in a category 5 the current of air speeds are higher than 250 km/h
9. Air current-driven waves and loftier tides
10. Floodplains have very fertile soil that is good for growing crops.
11. Humans contribute to dust storms past removing natural plants that agree downwardly the current of air at the soil surface and keep moisture in the ground.
12. A forest ecosystem could be destroyed if a catastrophic flood uproots well-nigh of its copse. Animals that alive there could be displaced.
13. Wetlands are often afflicted by hurricanes while tornadoes can damage forest ecosystems.
14. Answers are:
1. Hurricane in a coastal ecosystem: During a hurricane, the land and brackish water volition be inundated with table salt water, which will make information technology hard for the land and aquatic organisms to survive. Merely organisms that can tolerate a higher salinity will thrive in the aftermath. Hurricanes also tend to wash pollutants into an ecosystem. With the flooding, water erosion of soil, and pollution, information technology takes a long time for an ecosystem to recover from a hurricane.
2. Tornado in a Texas Hill Country ecosystem: A tornado will cause destruction to trees, other plants, and animals that are in the path of the tornado. Copse take decades to abound back, merely smaller plants and animals tin recover readily afterwards a tornado as long as h2o and food is available.
3. Flooding of an ecosystem near the Colorado River (Texas): Flooding is challenging for any animals that alive near the river. They volition be displaced. However, the flooding provides the benefit of enriching the soil and making it better for found growth after the flood waters recede.
4. Dust storm in an urban setting ecosystem: A grit storm moves big amount of sediment to new locations. This can either event in a location receiving more soil or an surface area losing a lot of soil. The loss of soil means that plants will have a difficult time repopulating an area. Without found life to retain h2o and hold the soil in place, the area continues to exist susceptible to hereafter dust storms.

Connection

1. (1)Tenant farmers couldn't pay their rents; (2)Landowners couldn't pay their mortgages; (3)People were displaced and had to move further west.
2. The jetstream was weakened by changes in bounding main surface temperatures. It shifted southward, depriving the Great Plains of its annual source of rainfall.
3. It trained farmers in soil conservation practices. They began to plant lines of trees chosen windbreaks. They congenital terraces and plowed the fields along the natural contours, and they planted groundcover to prevent erosion.

Activeness

Teacher directions for the activeness:

For steps 1-four: Be available to help students brainstorm prevention strategies and retrieve what agencies respond in your region if these disasters occur. If necessary, permit students time overnight to research or survey disaster victims and some real bug. The discussion of these could take place during or after the game. Prevention strategy suggestions:

• Purchase insurance: flood, homeowners or rental policies, vehicles, medical and life
• Plan evacuation route: includes a map for mass transit or driving away
• Stock supplies: water, canned food, extra batteries, infant supplies, pet supplies
• Prepared k and house outside: details will vary based on disaster
• First assistance kits and medications
• Locate emergency equipment: generators, flashlights, crank radio, charged phones, propane or butane bottles for BBQ cooking and heating water.
• Locate emergency shelter: place to stay out of harms way (family unit, friends, public gathering) or hotel, school
• Protect livestock and pets: tag and register livestock, motility them to college ground or away from danger zones, obtain medication and containers for evacuation

Solution strategies include:

• Local school commune
• City, canton, or volunteer Fire Department
• EMS
• Church or borough groups
• City or county Health Dept.
• Veterinarians
• Reddish Cross
• Texas Country Department of Transportation (TXDOT)
• Texas Section of State Health Services (TDSHS)
• Texas Department of Public Rubber (TXDPS)
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Step 5: Students need half-dozen separate piles of cards per grouping nigh their own map. If the game is played every bit a class, collect all the cards, but go on each disaster symbol in it's own pile. If you lot want to reuse the maps, consider laminating them.

Step half dozen: Instruct students on the making of a small model firm using these directions:

HINT: Practise not tell them what their construction choice represents until the homes are placed on the map.

"Woods Firm- Cutting a three ten 5 index carte du jour into short thin strips near ½" wide and 3" long. Have them fold the strip in ½ and fold once more. Tape the two ends together to form a square or rectangular base. Next, cut small flat roof rectangles and identify them on top of the "4 walls."

"Clay House- Employ a solid brick of clay and add a small rectangle of index carte du jour for a roof. Designs can exist customized or houses personalized if there is fourth dimension. The chosen Texas ecoregion can be written on the roof instead of beingness placed on the map.

Later students have placed their model homes on the ecoregion map, roll a dice to see what disaster hits their Texas Ecoregion. For smaller ecoregions with no room on map, or if using a class map students can write the proper noun of their ecoregion on the house roof.

Roll: i. Inundation; 2. Burn down; iii. Drought; 4. Hurricane; 5. Tornado; 6. Earthquake.

These scenarios are imaginary and dramatized equally examples:

Scroll of ane- Floods homes on all Gulf Coast Prairies (LA, Eastern, Cardinal, and Southern)

Roll of 2- Burn down destroys entire index card (woods) and burns roofs off clay homes in Cross Timbers, Oak Forest, Mid Coastal and Coastal Plains.

Ringlet of 3- Drought destroys farms and cattle in Texas High, Southern High, Rolling, and Rio Grande Plains must movement their families and houses somewhere else.

Scroll of 5- Stockton and Edwards Plateaus, plus Bowl and Range have all lost their roofs to tornadoes.

Roll of 6- All homes made of clay in Blackland, Cross Timbers, Redbed Plains crumble due to quakes.

These regions must lucifer map included in Chapter 8.

Draw a menu from teacher set or have a student selection i card from the right pile at their group and read the chosen bill of fare aloud to the form.

If a training menu is called, read information technology aloud. If the program makes sense, all affected houses in the class are rebuilt immediately and stay in place on the map. Does the preparation really protect family or property? Fence or correct any poorly written preparedness cards. Add all reasonable preparations to a single Emergency disaster program.

If a solution carte is chosen, all the affected houses are removed from each board. Discuss with the course whether the proposed solution makes sense for whatsoever, some or all of the affected homes. Debate how many houses might be repaired or restored for the next circular based on student solution. Consider correcting/rewriting poor and weak solutions and compile them on the lath in a single Emergency disaster program.

Coil again, experience another disaster and play and discuss several rounds or until there are no houses left.

Stop the game by explaining in that location are "no winners in a disaster." The game models decision-making and emphasizes the importance that planning can play in reducing the affect of a disaster.

Applying your knowledge

1. Answers will vary, simply may include how certain plans work for all disasters, or that plans may change or need to be updated, or that having plans makes a big deviation.
2. Students can compile an individual DISASTER Programme for their schools ecoregion. Include only realistic solutions from the game or research.

Chapter 8 Review

Vocabulary

Reading 8.i surface h2o glacier groundwater water table evaporation transpiration condensation precipitation surface runoff percolation aquifer watershed

Reading 8.2 weathering erosion mechanical weathering chemical weathering frost wedging mass wasting deposition graded bedding ecoregions

Reading eight.3 storm prison cell lightning cyclone tornado hurricane tornado floodplain wetland

Concepts

Reading 8.1

1. Ice is institute in icecaps on mountains and in glaciers.
2. The depth of the water table changes with the seasons and depends on the weather (how much rain a region has, for example).
3. The water cycle keeps water moving and recycled and so the amount bachelor to living things does non decrease over time.
4. The Sun'due south energy evaporates surface water and causes atmospheric condition.
5. Sample respond: Human activeness affects the water cycle by using available ground water in aquifers for personal employ and by using rainwater and other sources of h2o for agronomics.
6. Percolation
7. Evaporation
8. Answers: (a) evaporation and (b) transpiration
9. Through their leaves in a process called transpiration.
10. Information technology can have thousands of years for groundwater to exist replenished once it is removed. This is why it is considered to be a nonrenewable resource.
11. Watersheds that are protected from over construction and by careful planning of construction provide a source of clean water for people. Watersheds are additionally beneficial considering they provide habitats for wild animals and places for recreation for people.

Reading eight.2

12. Frost wedging, a type of mechanical weathering
13. Plants crusade mechanical weathering on rocky surfaces when their roots push into cracks and abound, eventually causing rocks to split. Plants crusade chemical weathering as they grow or decay considering compounds associated with their metabolism tin can breakdown the stone.
14. Water tin can dissolve many types of substances.
15. Gases from pollution or volcanic eruptions can cause pelting to be acidic.
16. Oxygen
17. Chemical weather would take place faster in a rainforest because of the wetter conditions. Water makes certain types of chemical weathering possible.
18. Biological weathering
19. Erosion by moving ice in a glacier
20. More than sediment and larger pieces of sediment can be moved past water at higher speed and energy.
21. Wind
22. Gravity and water
23. The design is called graded bedding. The larger particles settle first and the smallest settle last.
24. Sample answer: Texas High Plains (the Texas Panhandle region): This ecoregion is flat and grassy, only information technology too has river-carved canyons and rivers. It experiences biological weathering due to the presence of bison and prairie dogs as well as grazing by ranch animals. This ecoregion likewise experiences erosion by weather condition patterns in the western section and erosion by rivers in the eastern section.

Reading 8.three

25. The Lord's day and Earth's internal estrus
26. An updraft is made of warm air.
27. The bottom of the storm cloud is negative and the top is positive.
28. Lightning heats the air causing it to expand. A force per unit area wave is created that we hear every bit thunder.
29. Hail forms in tall thunderstorm clouds, where part of the deject is below freezing and where water droplets freeze on contact with particles.
30. This would be a Category 2 hurricane.
31. All of these conditions are necessary.
32. A tornado is nigh iii times smaller and is much faster than a hurricane.
33. A disadvantage is that flooding is common on a floodplain. Even so, the soil is very nutrient-rich and good for agriculture.
34. Flash floods are caused past heavy rains. The water cannot penetrate the ground fast plenty and builds upwardly creating a flood.
35. Protecting native plants would reduce the occurrence of dust storms because plants bind soil together with their roots and protect it from beingness diddled away by wind.
36. Flooding replenishes the groundwater in the area and enriches the soil with nutrients.

Math and Writing Skills

Reading 8.1

1. The Sun is a source of energy that evaporates h2o and causes weather patterns. Gravity moves water downhill over the country and downwardly into groundwater. Wind besides moves h2o from place to place through the atmosphere.
2. Sample answer: H2o from the tap is eventually released on to my lawn past the sprinkler arrangement. If it is a sunny day, the water may evaporate and enter the temper. Wind carries this h2o vapor to the declension where it condenses into a deject and eventually falls into the ocean equally rain.
3. Sample answer: I can conserve h2o by reducing how oft I h2o my lawn, past pouring any extra clean water from cooking (for case) on house plants, and by taking intendance of my clothes when I wear them then that they don't need to be done as often.
4. Graph:
   

5. Reply: 50 grams x 539 calories per gram = 26,950 calories would be needed to evaporate the pool

Reading eight.two

6. Sample reply: The sand on the embankment may include many types of particles including $.25 of shell and nearby rock. However, the tiny grains of quartz crystals that make up sand are the result of a long catamenia of weathering and erosion. The source of sand crystals may be rocks from a mountaintop and moved to the beach past flowing water over millions of years.
7. Karst topography includes caves and sunken areas called sinkholes. It is acquired when acidic water, including underground rivers, dissolves hugger-mugger limestone deposits.
8. Sample answer: Iron may exist dissolved from a rock by water. Every bit a mineral, iron becomes part of the soil where information technology may be absorbed past grass roots. If a beefiness cow eats this grass, and then the atomic number 26 becomes role of the cow. The iron next becomes part of a person who eats the beef.
9. Sample answers: Clams and snails crave the highest pH on this chart, so they would exist most affected by acid pelting. Frogs and perch can alive at lower pH values and so would exist least affected by acid rain based on this chart. Acid pelting tin can exist reduced every bit a problem in communities by reducing the apply of fossil fuels. This includes encouraging carpooling, taking public transportation, and walking! A community could also work with local manufacture to have the release of acid rain gases reduced.

Reading viii.3

10. Virtually 200 more tornadoes were reported in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In the 1990s, more people had computers and video equipment for recording and communicating rapidly the presence of a tornado. Co-ordinate to the National Conditions Service website, the weather service underwent a modernization program in the early 90s and focused on grooming tornado spotters.
11. The formation of a storm cell: During a thunderstorm, warm air rises from the ground to the top of the troposphere. This is chosen an updraft. The updraft cools and condenses as information technology rises. Then, cloud droplets become large enough to fall equally rain. When this happens, common cold air from the top of the troposphere is dragged downwardly forth with the pelting. This cold, dense air is chosen a downdraft. The downdraft and updraft form a convection jail cell called a storm jail cell.
12. The tornado traveled ten kilometers.

Test Practice

1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. a

Chapter Project

Utilize the rubric below to score pupil work.

	5 points	4 or 3 points	ii points	one or 0 points
Images or photographs	The pupil has iv representative images or photographs	The student has 3 or 2 representative images or photographs	The educatee has 1 representative prototype or photo	The student's images practise non stand for the topic or the pupil has no images
The presentation includes a poster, pamphlet or slide testify	The presentation is carefully done and detailed	The presentation is lacking in some minor style or has one or more than errors	The presentation is not well-organized	The presentation shows a lack of care and idea in preparing it
Ecoregions are named for all images or photographs	Yes and accurately	Yes, only with i or two errors	Yeah, but all labels are incorrect	Little or no effort appears to have been made to place ecoregions
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are identified	Yes and accurately	Yes, but with one or two errors	Yes, but all labels are incorrect	Little or no effort appears to have been made to place the processes
Sources are listed	Aye and the sources are reputable	Yes, but one or more sources are not reputable	Yes but all sources are not reputable	Footling or no effort appears to take been made to identify sources

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